Augustus Hamilton’s fossil collection at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa

Augustus Hamilton (1853–1913) was a New Zealand ethnologist and naturalist who amassed a significant collection of fossils, most - ly of birds, during his career. Today, those fossils are housed in the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (NMNZ). While some fossils have been catalogued and integrated into the collection of the NMNZ, a large part remained unsorted and uncatalogued. The present study brings an integrated view of Hamilton’s collection at the NMNZ, highlighting the most significant fossils. In total, there are 3692 specimen lots collected by Hamilton in the NMNZ representing a large sample of taxa and a wide range of locations around Aotearoa New Zealand. Most fossils are of Holocene age and belong to birds. The collection includes type specimens, circa 250 specimen lots belonging to extinct species, and specimens belonging to otherwise poorly represented species in natural history collections. We hope that our study makes Hamilton’s fossils visible and more readily available for future research.


Introduction
Augustus Hamilton (1853Hamilton ( -1913; Fig. 1) was a New Zealand ethnologist and naturalist who was the Director of the Colonial Museum of New Zealand in Wellington from 1903 to 1913 (Dell 1993;McCarthy 2008).Despite his main focus being ethnology, Hamilton also amassed a significant collection of fossil bones over his career, mostly of birds.While he published part of his research at the time, his bone collections were only partly registered in the museum long after his death.Many fossils remained uncatalogued and either unidentified or only broadly identified.
The Colonial Museum became the Dominion Museum, then the National Museum, and then the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (NMNZ, Wellington).All the while, much of Hamilton's uncatalogued fossils have stayed "hidden" from sight, tucked inside cardboard boxes in Te Papa's natural history collection.His collection contains specimens gathered from all over Aotearoa New Zealand, most of which are bird bones of Holocene age.The specimens include well-preserved bones of many extinct species, as well as valuable comparative material of living species.It is a treasure trove of important and still untapped data (morphoanatomical, genetic, chemical, etc.).
The fossils are of considerable historical and scientific value and the academic community and the public at large would benefit if they were made visible again and thus available for further inquiries and research.Therefore, the present study focuses on the identification of all unregistered specimens in Hamilton's collection.This paper presents an account of all of his fossil material and the taxa in his collections, highlighting the most significant fossils.

Background
We present a short biography of Hamilton to provide context to his collecting activities.The text below was summarised from Phillipps (1966) and Dell (1993).
On 1 March 1853, Augustus Hamilton was born in the coastal town of Poole, in Dorsetshire, England.He was a student at Dorset County school and Epsom medical college but did not graduate with a degree.On 16 April 1875, the clipper 'Collingwood' departed England and set sail for Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand.Those aboard were emigrants, including Augustus and his parents.His father was a doctor, named Augustus Priestly Hamilton, and his mother was Mary Eleanor Hamilton (née Tebbott).
During Augustus' first years in Aotearoa New Zealand, he briefly taught primary school children in Wellington and the coastal settlement of Ōkārito, on the South Island.In 1876, he joined the Wellington Philosophical Society and continued to be a member of the institution through various provincial groups.In 1878, Augustus moved to Petane in Hawke's Bay where he resided and taught until 1890 (Fig. 2).During that time, he married Hope Ellen McKain, with whom he had two children, Harold and Pearl Hamilton.
While in Petane, Augustus also took part in the Hawke's Bay Philosophical Institute business.He worked hard to assist progress at the institute by exhibiting interesting items at gatherings, and also by serving as the honorary secretary between 1884 and 1890.Notably, he also created the Institute's museum (now the MTG [Museum Theatre Gallery] Hawke's Bay Tai Ahuriri), of which he became an honorary curator in 1883, and published scientific papers, predominantly on biology and palaeontology.
In 1890, he became the registrar of the University of Otago and moved to Dunedin with his family.Augustus continued to publish scientific papers that covered topics such as fossils, plants, birds, and marine life.He became increasingly interested in ethnology and was intrigued by the Māori culture, eventually building a large collection of beautiful Māori carvings and art through purchases and exchanges.He went on to publish a bibliography of literature regarding the indigenous people, as well as an exquisite and now rare book titled 'The Art and Workmanship of the Maori Race in New Zealand' (Hamilton 1896b).
In 1903, Augustus became the director of the Colonial Museum in Wellington.Two years prior, an act was passed in the New Zealand Parliament titled 'The Maori Antiquities Act 1901', which sparked recognition of the importance of preserving Māori relics.With this in mind, Augustus put much effort into creating an illustrative collection of Māori art and craftsmanship.He placed his own personal Māori art collection in the Colonial Museum and began to further build the collections within the museum, including natural history.He continued to publish scientific articles and edited the museum's Bulletin.He was greatly interested in New Zealand birds for much of his life, particularly extinct species such as the moa (e.g., Anonymous 1897Anonymous , 1898Anonymous , 1899;;Hamilton 1889aHamilton , 1889bHamilton , 1892aHamilton , 1892bHamilton , 1893Hamilton , 1894aHamilton , 1894bHamilton , 1895aHamilton , 1895bHamilton , 1898Hamilton , 1902Hamilton , 1904aHamilton , 1904bHamilton , 1909)), and he also endeavoured to save the now extinct huia (O'Rourke 1997).
Hamilton was also the president of the New Zealand Institute (later rebranded as the Royal Society of New Zealand) from 1909 to 1911 (Fleming 1987;Royal Society Te Apārangi 2022).On 12 October 1913, at the age of 60, Augustus Hamilton suddenly became ill and died in Russell, Bay of Islands.He was laid to rest in the Christ Church yard in Russell.

Material and methods
During a period from 2021 to early 2022, we initially examined and sorted all bones collected by Augustus Hamilton that were kept in the natural history collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (NMNZ, Wellington, New Zealand).This included about 2500 bones that were kept unsorted and uncatalogued inside nine cardboard boxes kept on shelves with other unsorted material in the collection.The latter specimens were identified to Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU) by AJDT, based on comparative material in the NMNZ collection.The OTU identification typically goes to family or genus level only, though some specimens were identified only to the level of order; a few specimens, however, were assigned to species.A more detailed study will be able to identify most or all specimens to the level of species.The systematic arrangement, nomenclature, and common names used herein follow the Checklist Committee OSNZ (2022).
Most of the unsorted specimens lacked accompanying information regarding collection locality and date.However, about 55% of the bones have a two-digit number written on them (Fig. 3); four bones have either a one-digit or a three-digit number on them and seven bones have two sets of numbers written on them.Each of those numbers (Fig. 3) likely refers to a collection event and location, as suggested by previous work on fossils from Castlerock, Southland, and Te Aute, Hawke's Bay (Worthy 1998(Worthy , 1999)).Hamilton was considered a methodical and systematic researcher (Skinner 1913;McCredie 2017), so presumably, his numbering system had a practical purpose.
In an attempt to uncover Hamilton's system behind these numbers, we investigated all archival material pertaining to him that we could find, such as diaries, notebooks, letters, and photographs.That material is kept in Te Papa's archives (multiple items contained under the registration number NMNZ CA000403, as well as some of Hamilton's correspondence compiled by O'Rourke (1997)), in the Alexander Turnbull Library (items MS-Papers-0172-008, MS-Papers-10779-053, MS-Papers-12166, and MSX-9384), and the Hocken Collections and Gallery (Otago University; multiple items contained under the registration number P1910-008).Further photographic material was obtained from the Puke Ariki Heritage Collection (https://collection. pukeariki.com/explore).
During this process, all uncatalogued specimens were given a registration number (NMNZ S.53912 to S.56336), added to the NMNZ database, and stored in the Fossil Vertebrate collection in taxonomic order.A full list of specimens can be seen in the Suppl.material 1: table S1.
We also reviewed Hamilton's specimens that had already been incorporated into the NMNZ collection.Specimens only received their current registration numbers beginning in the 1940s, usually by researchers working on specific sites or taxa.A full list of this material can be seen in the Suppl.material 1: table S2.The NMNZ collection also holds specimens collected by Hamilton's son, Harold, but those are not covered in the present study.

Specimens
The NMNZ collection had 1267 of Hamilton's specimen lots that were already registered, labelled, and stored (Suppl.material 1: table S2).While most lots include just a single bone element, many lots contain more than one specimen (e.g., a group of bones from a single individual, or multiple specimens of the same element from several individuals).From his uncatalogued specimens, 2425 lots were created (NMNZ S.53912 to S.56336; see Suppl.material 1: table S1, for more details).This brings the total number of Hamilton's specimen lots in the NMNZ collection to 3692.Most specimens are bird fossils of Holocene age.
The majority of bone elements present in Hamilton's collection are the most robust leg bones that are preferentially preserved by fossilisation (also, several species in New Zealand have reduced wings).Thus, the most common bones in the material are femora, tibiotarsi, and tarsometatarsi.These are followed by pelves, crania, and sterna.
In the previously catalogued 1267 specimen lots, the most represented taxa were kiwi (Apterygiformes, Apteryx spp.) and moa (Dinornithiformes) (Fig. 4).The majority of Hamilton's previously uncatalogued material was made up of bird bones, but mammal and reptile (tuatara) bones were also present, as well as two marine gastropod shells.The most common taxa in this material were shags (Suliformes, Phalacrocoracidae) and seabirds of the family Procellariidae (Procellariiformes) (Fig. 4).A comparison of the order-level diversity among the birds is presented in Figure 4 but refer to Suppl.material 1: table S3 for exact numbers.

Hamilton's fossil collecting
During his time in Aotearoa New Zealand, Hamilton worked as a teacher in Wellington, Ōkārito, and Hawke's Bay, then became the curator of the Hawke's Bay Philosophical Institute's museum, the registrar of Otago University in Dunedin and later on, the director of the Colonial Museum in Wellington (Dell 1993).
Hamilton collected most of his specimens in and around the places where he was based, such as Hawke's Bay and, particularly Dunedin (Skinner 1913;Pishief 2017).He also travelled around the country, including Macquarie Island, while collecting a wide range of fossils, natural history specimens, tāonga Māori, and New Zealand art.S3 for the exact numbers in each category.This is evident in and supported by his published work and personal diaries.Most of his academic articles were published in the Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand and cover aspects of his collecting activities (e.g., Hamilton 1889bHamilton , 1893Hamilton , 1894aHamilton , 1895bHamilton , 1898Hamilton , 1904b)).It is uncertain whether Hamilton had been to the Chatham Islands; while a few specimens (including in the NMNZ entomological and botanical collections) came from there, their reduced number is strange when compared to the profusion of specimens from elsewhere, so it is possible that he acquired them from someone else.
Using the archival documents, we compiled a list of sites that Hamilton visited and collected natural history specimens at (Fig. 6).They are: Gisborne: Wainui.Hawke's Bay: Nūhaka (Mangaone), Te Aute, Te Pōhue (Pōhue).Manawatū-Whanganui: Makirikiri (in Upokongaro), Tahora.Wellington: Island Bay, Lyall Bay, Paremata.Canterbury: Broken River, Takiroa Cave.Otago: Dunedin, Dunstan Range, Long Beach (Warauwerawera), Macraes (Ōtī), Ngapara, Shag Point (Matakaea), Warrington (Ōkāhau), Wickliffe Bay.Southland: Castlerock, Waikaia River.Islands: Macquarie Island, Chatham Islands.Table 1.A timeline of Augustus Hamilton's fossil collecting activities, with main events in his life, and references to the archival sources of information (see Material and methods for more detail).Anonymous (1875); Dell (1993) The archives also allowed us to work out the dates when he visited some of those places to collect specimens.Table 1 summarises the places where Hamilton lived and the locations where he collected specimens, with the respective dates.

Events
It was only possible to link the handwritten numbers on the bones (Fig. 3) to a few localities, namely: Castlerock (in Southland) is represented by the number 29 and possibly also by the number 78; Te Aute (in Hawke's Bay) is represented by the numbers 12 and 17; Macraes (in Otago) is possibly represented by number 71.In total, there are potentially 59 unique numbers (some are difficult to read) represented in the collection.Unfortunately, despite our extensive research, the majority of those could not be assigned to specific locations.
It is also possible that some of the fossils in Hamilton's material were not collected by him, but represent specimens that he received from others, like the case of the Chatham Islands mentioned above.

Discussion
The circa 3700 specimen lots in Augustus Hamilton's collection represent a large sample of taxa (Fig. 4; Suppl.material 1: table S3) and a wide range of locations around Aotearoa New Zealand (Fig. 6).The high number of specimens means that Hamilton ranks as one of the top collectors of fossil bones in the country.
Additionally, even some of the living species are not represented by many specimens in museum collections, so the bones in Hamilton's collection are an important addition to the holdings of these species.For instance, we are not aware of fossil bones of the great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus) having been found in New Zealand for nearly five decades (AJDT, personal observation).In the NMNZ fossil vertebrate collection, this species was represented by 33 bones from Poukawa (Hawke's Bay) and three other lots (a total of 18 bones).Hamilton's specimens include another six bones of the great crested grebe (Fig. 5D).The laughing owl is a similar case; the NMNZ collection had 62 lots of this species and Hamilton's fossils added another 23 lots to it.
The major problem with Hamilton's collection that remains is his numeric code.About half of the bones have numbers written on them (Fig. 3), but we have been able to link only a handful of numbers to specific localities (see Results above).Some of his "mystery numbers" are particularly important to identify; for instance, the numbers 32 and 63 are the most common, being written on 130 and 109 bones, respectively.
Nevertheless, we are hopeful that future research will be able to identify more of Hamilton's collecting locations.Further original notes by Hamilton may yet be discovered that reveal the locations of the numbered bones.Alternatively, further analyses using forensic techniques (e.g., DNA, elemental content, or stable isotopes) may be able to solve some cases.The state of preservation of the bones already indicates the kind of sites that some of the mystery numbers represent.None of Hamilton's bones are mineralised, indicating that his collection is entirely from Late Pleistocene and Holocene sites.Fossil bird bones in New Zealand are almost always from swamps, caves, or sand dunes.Only a few of Hamilton's mystery bones have staining consistent with being preserved in swamp environments.Likewise, sand grains on some bones clearly indicate an origin in coastal dunes (e.g., numbers 30, 31, 32).In that sense, the use of non-destructive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to determine elemental contents offers a potential solution because it may be able to group bones based on ratios of elements that can be linked to sedimentary contaminants adhering to bones or elements transferred into the bones through dietary contributions from certain locations, thus being able to provenance the fossils (e.g., Plummer et al. 1994;Rogers 2019).

Conclusion
Natural history collections are an archive of the history of life on Earth.They can be a source for understanding biodiversity and discovering new species, and now also for studying the impacts we have had on our planet's biota (Allmon 1994;Meineke et al. 2018;Salvador and Cunha 2020).Regrettably, most collections worldwide are perennially underfunded and understaffed (Dalton 2003;Kemp 2015) and thus, their contents remain largely unknown to the scientific community and the public -not to mention the risk of such content being discarded and lost forever.
Our study makes Augustus Hamilton's unregistered fossil bones in the NMNZ available for future research.Every fossil that we know Hamilton collected (and lodged at the NMNZ) is now registered and databased.It will now be much easier for future researchers to increase the value of the collection further by adding more specific taxonomic and locality information.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Photo of Augustus Hamilton.Photographer unknown; image reproduced from volume 46 of the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute (1913: frontispiece); no known copyright restrictions.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Photo of Augustus Hamilton (centre, in front of the door) with pupils and staff of Petane School.Photographer unknown, 1879; image from MTG Hawke's Bay Tai Ahuriri; public domain.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Summary of the proportion of specimen lots from Hamilton's collection, belonging to each avian order, from the previously catalogued material (orange bars), the previously uncatalogued material (purple bars), and total (dark grey bars).The "Others" group brings together data from the following orders: Accipitriformes, Apodiformes, Falconiformes, Pelecaniformes, and Podicipediformes.Refer to Suppl.material 1: tableS3for the exact numbers in each category.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Locations in Aotearoa New Zealand that Augustus Hamilton visited, including those where he collected fossils.